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Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder walls of an acute or chronic course. It is manifested by frequent and painful urination, with the presence of pus in the urine, blood clots, in children it is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication, fever. The disease is common among people of any age and sex, but more often it is determined in women, which is associated with the anatomical features of the urinary system.
Symptoms of Cystitis
Cystitis is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is characterized by spontaneous onset and rapid development. The first sign is the frequent urge to urinate every 20-30 minutes. Patients complain of pain in the suprapubic region, pain spreads to the perineum, genitals, increases with pressure on the abdomen, slight filling of the bladder. The urination itself is painful with a burning sensation and pain, the act ends with the release of a few drops of blood. The color and transparency of urine changes: it appears cloudy, dark, with sediment and has an unpleasant odor. With a favorable result, the health status improves for 4-5 days, for 7-10 days the patient recovers.
Chronic cystitis is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions or a slow, continuous course. Symptoms correspond to the acute form, its severity increases in the acute phase.
The reasons
For the development of cystitis, certain conditions are necessary: infections, morphological or functional changes in the bladder. In most cases, the disease is infectious. The main causative agents of cystitis are E. coli, epidermal streptococci, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci. Microorganisms enter the bladder cavity from the external environment, the kidneys, less often from other foci of inflammation: through lymph, blood, damaged bladder wall.
A favorable background for the development of bladder inflammation is created by:
- frequent hypothermia;
- infrequent or incomplete urination;
- weakened immunity;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- wearing very tight clothing;
- malnutrition;
- vitamin deficiency;
- excessive physical and psycho-emotional work;
- chronic diseases;
- change of sexual partner or initiation of sexual activity;
- surgical interventions on the bladder, prostate;
- non-compliance with hygiene standards;
- impact on the body of radiation, chemical and toxic substances;
- treatment with antibiotics and nephrotoxic drugs;
- the presence of foreign bodies: urine diversion tubes, kidney stones, ureteral stents.
In the development of cystitis, a certain role belongs to diseases and pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, stenosis of Huerta in boys / men, prostate adenoma, prostatitis, dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, helminthic diseases.
varieties
Cystitis is classified according to different criteria:
- downstream: acute - characterized by inflammatory lesion of the mucosa and submucosal layer, and chronic - morphological changes affect the muscular layer;
- by etiology: bacterial (divided into specific and non-specific) and non-bacterial (chemical, medicinal, radioactive, allergic);
- in the form: primary - they occur without structural and functional alterations in the urinary system, secondary - they develop in conditions of vesical dysfunction, anatomical alterations;
- according to the prevalence of the inflammatory process: focal (limited) and total (diffuse).
Diagnosis
In the diagnosis of cystitis, the urologist is assisted by clinical manifestations, results of laboratory and instrumental studies. The main role in the recognition of cystitis, its type, features of the course belongs to the general analysis of urine, urine culture for flora, determination of the acidity level of the urine. According to the indications, endoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa (cystoscopy) or X-ray (cystography), lifting urography and ultrasonography of the bladder are performed.
To confirm/exclude cystitis, specialists at CMRT clinics use modern diagnostic methods such as:
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Ultrasound (ultrasound)
- duplex scanning
- Computerized topography of the Diers column
- Checkup (full body examination)
- CT
Which doctor to contact
The urologist diagnoses and treats the condition. Depending on the causes and symptoms that accompany the condition, it may be necessary to consult a gynecologist and other specialists.
How to treat cystitis
The course of treatment is selected by a urologist, sometimes in collaboration with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialist, gastroenterologist, surgeon and other specialists. At the stage of acute cystitis, to relieve the symptoms of dysuric disorders, a dairy vegetarian diet, restriction of spicy, salty, fatty foods, spices, thermal procedures in the bladder area are recommended. To quickly cleanse the bladder of toxins, bacteria, inflammatory components, it is necessary to strengthen the intake regimen. In addition to slightly alkaline mineral water, you can drink juices, fruit drinks, jams, weak green tea.
Of the drugs in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract, uroantiseptics, antibacterials, antimicrobials and antivirals are used, taking into account the type of pathogen. To get rid of pain, relieve muscle spasm, stop inflammation symptoms as prescribed, take painkillers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics. In addition to the main treatment, after the signs of the disease disappear, herbal medicines, electrophoresis and magnetotherapy are prescribed.
At the stage of complications, if it is impossible to cure the disease by conservative therapy, surgical removal of the bladder or pathologically altered area is carried out by resection, laser exposure, freezing.
complications
Prerequisites for the development of complications create chronic and secondary forms. Possible adverse effects include:
- sclerotic deformity of the bladder neck;
- anatomical and functional changes in the bladder;
- vesicoureteral reflux (reverse flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter);
- peritonitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- inflammation of the walls of the urethra.
prevention of cystitis
The prevention of cystitis contributes to:
- exclusion of hypothermia;
- prevention of excessive physical and psycho-emotional work;
- healthy and nutritious food;
- genital hygiene;
- early detection and treatment of infections, concomitant diseases;
- systematic emptying of the bladder;
- strengthening immunity;
- compliance with the consumption regime.